Lithuanian Journal of Physics article / Lietuvos fizikos žurnalo straipsnis

INTERPRETATION OF THE ANOMALOUS GROUNDWATERCHEMISTRY AND ²³⁴U/²³⁸U ACTIVITY RATIO DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE BALTIC REGION
Robert Mokrik and Vytautas Samalavičius
^aInstitute of Geosciences at Vilnius University, Čiurlionio 21/27, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
Email: robert.mokrik@gf.vu.lt; vytautas.samalavicius@chgf.vu.lt

Received 24 January 2021; revised 1 June 2021; accepted 21 September 2021

The anomalous isotope-hydrogeochemistry phenomena in the groundwater of Estonian Cambrian-Vendian (Ediacaran) and Ordovician-Cambrian aquifer systems were formed in the Late-Middle Pleistocene. In the periglacial environment, in northern and northwestern Estonia, these aquifer systems with fracture porose crystalline basement are connected to hydraulically joint unit characterized by high radioactivity groundwater. A significant alteration of groundwater occurred by series of isotope and chemistry facies fractionation. In this study, uranium isotopes activity ratio (²³⁴U/²³⁸U), ⁴He content, isotope-hydrogeochemistry and adjusted ¹⁴C ages are coupled for a new prospect of the estimation of northern Baltic Basin groundwater evolution. Analyzing radiocarbon and ⁴He groundwater residence time results and uranium isotope activity ratio distribution suggests a prolonged periglacial environment in which groundwater evolved. Stable isotope ratios of δ¹⁸O and δ²H correlation and hydrochemical composition changes support the cryogenic origin of groundwater. Pleistocene glaciations cyclically affect groundwater in multiple ways: permafrost isotope-geochemistry partitioning; periodically changing reversed flow directions of recharge and discharge areas; oscillations of the sea, river system, and periglacial lakes level, surface and sub-permafrost water mixing via taliks and fractured basement rocks. These processes lead to forming the sequence of isotope-hydrogeochemistry types and specific zoning; in general, two separate groundwater fractions – brackish in the lower part and freshened above. An extensive groundwater exploitation on the northern coast sites influenced a sharp dysfunction in the groundwater body, destabilizing the natural equilibrium state formed in the Holocene and Pleistocene.

Keywords: Estonian Homocline, periglacial permafrost, cryogenic groundwater, isotope-geochemistry, groundwater dating
PACS: 91.67. Qr, 91.67.Rx, 92.40.Kf

ŠIAURINĖS BALTIJOS REGIONO POŽEMINIO VANDENS CHEMINĖS SUDĖTIES IR ²³⁴U/²³⁸U IZOTOPŲ SANTYKIO PUSIAUSVYROS ANOMALIJOS INTERPRETACIJA
Robert Mokrik, Vytautas Samalavičius

Vilniaus universiteto Geomokslų institutas, Vilnius, Lietuva

Estijos kambro–vendo (ediakaro) (Cm-V) ir ordoviko–kambro (O-Cm) vandeninguose sluoksniuose yra aptinkamas anomalios izotopinės ir cheminės sudėties požeminis vanduo, susiformavęs pleistoceno laikotarpiu. Minėti vandeningi sluoksniai ir viršutinė kristalinio pamato dalis buvo hidrauliškai susieti periglacialinėje aplinkoje ir sudarė vieningą hidrogeologinę sistemą. Požeminio vandens sudėtis buvo reikšmingai pakeista vykstant izotopiniam ir geocheminiam frakcionavimuisi dėl užšalimo. Šiame tyrime panaudotas urano izotopų santykis (²³⁴U/²³⁸U), helio koncentracija, izotopinė ir cheminė sudėtis ir koreguotas ¹⁴C amžius siekiant iš naujo įvertinti šiaurinės Baltijos baseino dalies požeminio vandens evoliuciją. Urano izotopų santykio ir mineralizacijos diagrama leido naujai nustatyti kraštinių narių (Baltijos jūros, modernaus ir in situ sluoksnio vandens) įtaką Talino srityje esančio požeminio vandens formavimuisi. Vandens amžiaus rezultatų ir urano santykių analizė atskleidė, kad požeminis vanduo buvo ilgai veikiamas periglacialinės aplinkos, todėl įvyko jo sudėties pokyčiai. Stabiliųjų izotopų (δ¹⁸O ir δD) ir hidrogeocheminiai parametrai indikuoja kriogeninę vandens kilmę.
Pagrindiniai veiksniai, lėmę požeminio vandens anomalijų atsiradimą pleistoceno laikotarpiu, yra daugiamečio įšalo sukelta izotopinės ir cheminės sudėties kaita, periodiška mitybos ir iškrovos zonų inversija, jūros ir periglacialinių ežerų lygio svyravimai, skirtingos kilmės vandenų maišymasis talikuose ir kristaliname pamate. Dėl šių procesų susidaro specifinė vandens cheminių tipų seka ir zoniškumas, taip pat dvi atskiros požeminio vandens frakcijos – apatinė koncentruota ir viršutinė nugėlinta. Požeminio vandens eksploatacija destabilizavo natūralią pusiausvyros būseną, susidariusią holoceno ir pleistoceno laikotarpiais.

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